This is my twenty-sixth "Latin without Latin" essay. For background and a link to other essays, see this page:
About the English Essays.
Yesterday's poem invoked an allegorical goddess, Suada, who was Persuasion personified. Today's poem is about another allegorical goddess: Spes, who is Hope personified. This is another one of the Latin emblems of Gabriel Rollenhagen (1583-1619). You can read more about Rollenghagen and his influential work in this
blog post.
Here is the poem:
Spes alit agrícolas, messis Dea certa futúrae;
illa iubet fidae crédere semen humo.
Spes. This is the Latin word for hope. It is in the nominative form, so we know it will be the subject of the sentence. (From the corresponding verb in Latin,
sperare, meaning to hope, we get the English word desperation, which refers to losing hope, de-speration.)
alit. This is from the Latin verb
alere, meaning to feed, nourish, support (as in the English word alimony). The form is third-person singular, with
Spes as the subject:
Spes alit, Hope nourishes… but what does she nourish? We need to read on for the object.
agrícolas. This is from the Latin word
agricola, meaning farmer (the man who cultivates the
ager, the field; compare the English word agriculture). The form is accusative plural, which gives us the object of our verb:
Spes alit agrícolas, Hope feeds the farmers. These first three words of the poem -
Spes alit agrícolas - are a Latin proverb in their own right (you can find the sentiment already in the classical Roman poet
Tibullus).
messis. This is from the Latin word for harvest,
messis, in the genitive form: of the harvest. We will have to read on to figure out how the genitive fits into the sentence overall.
Dea certa. Here we have the Latin word for goddess,
Dea, along with an adjective,
certa, meaning sure, certain. So,
Spes, Hope, is a sure goddess, a goddess of whom you can be certain. (Of course, not all poets regard Hope as such a sure thing, but she is surely less fickle than the goddess Fortuna, of course, whose wheel spins up and down with no certainty at all.) We can combine this phrase,
Dea certa, with the preceding word,
messis, to get a noun phrase:
messis Dea certa, the sure Goddess of the harvest.
futúrae. This is from the Latin verb
esse, meaning to be; the form is a future participle (compare the English word future). The form is genitive singular, so it is giving us more information about the harvest: it is
messis futúrae, the future harvest, the harvest that is yet to be. Notice how this genitive phrase,
messis futúrae, wraps elegantly around the nominative phrase,
Dea certa; Hope is the sure Goddess of the harvest-to-come.
So, that gives us our first line, describing the goddess
Spes, Hope, and her importance for farmers. The second line will push us to think about the harvest in more metaphorical terms:
illa. This is from the Latin pronominal adjective
ille, meaning that one or, more simply, he. The form is feminine singular,
illa, meaning she - Hope - as the noun
Spes is a feminine noun in Latin.
iubet. This is from the Latin verb
iubere meaning to command, to order. The form is third-person singular:
illa iubet, she commands, she orders. We need some kind of infinitive to let us know just what she is ordering us to do!
fidae. This is from the Latin adjective
fidus, meaning faithful, trusthworthy (you can see the same root in the English use of the word affidavit). The form here could be dative or genitive; we are going to have to keep reading to find out how this word fits in overall.
crédere. Here is the infinitive we were looking for! The Latin verb
crédere means to believe, to trust (compare the English words creed and credit). So, Hope orders us to have faith, to put our trust in something:
illa iubet crédere. Even better, the verb
crédere can take both an accusative complement - you entrust something - as well as a dative complement - you entrust something TO someone. We have a dative adjective,
fidae, as a complement to the infinitive, but we still need a noun to go with that, and we also still need an accusative object for the infinitive, too!
semen. This is the Latin word for seed (and of course it also gives us the English word semen) and it gives us the accusative object we need for our infinitive
crédere: Hope commands us,
illa iubet, to entrust the seed,
crédere semen, to the faithful something,
fidae… but what is that faithful feminine something? We need the last word of the poem to complete the idea.
humo. This is from the Latin word
humus, meaning earth, ground, soil (compare the English words inhume and exhume). The form humo is dative and - don't let the final -
o fool you - the noun is feminine in gender, so it goes with
fidae. Notice how the resulting dative noun phrase,
fidae humo, to the faithful soil, elegantly wraps around the verbal phrase,
crédere semen, entrust the seed. This wonderful style of word order is basically impossible to render in English, alas.
So, that gives us the complete poem:
Spes alit agrícolas, Hope feeds the farmers, as she is the sure Goddess of the future harvest,
messis Dea certa futúrae; and she commands us,
illa iubet, to entrust our seed to the faithful soil,
fidae crédere semen humo. You can take that literally as you plant your garden… or you can take that metaphorically as you sow the seed now for any harvest you hope to reap in future time.
Spes alit agrícolas, messis Dea certa futúrae;
illa iubet fidae crédere semen humo.
In Rollenhagen's emblem, you can see
Spes with a plow and she also holds an anchor, which is a traditional symbol of hope. The anchor, in fact, is what allows you to recognize immediately that this is
Spes (Hope) rather than, say, the goddess Ceres, the actual goddess of agriculture; Spes carries an anchor, but Ceres does not. In the sky, you can see the light of the sun shining down on the field - and metaphorically, that light is a symbol of divine favor, as shown by the Hebrew letters inscribed on the sun, YHWH, also known as the
tetragrammaton, which is one of the names of God.
There is a famous edition of Rollenhagen's emblems in English by the 17th-century English poet, George Wither. Here is how he renders this distich in English:
The Husbandman, doth sowthe Seeds
And, then, on Hope, till Harvest, feeds.
For more of Rollenhagen's poems in Latin, you can visit the
Rollenhagen stream in my Latin distichs blog. Here is a link to the
blog post for this specific poem. As I add new English essays, you will be able to find those in the
English stream at the blog. The next poem, far more cynical and pessimistic, is by the Roman poet Martial:
Semper Pauper Es.
